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Please contact Access to the statistical code used in this analysis will be reviewed and granted upon request by the Nuffield Department of Primary Care PRimDISC committee ( This study received funding from Guy’s and St Thomas’ Charity (grant EIC181003). Access to the study data by external researchers will require the expressed written consent of the retailer. Access to the study dataset by external researchers is not permitted as this is defined as confidential information in the agreement. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: This research was conducted according to a framework collaboration agreement between the University of Oxford and the food retailers. Received: SeptemAccepted: FebruPublished: March 24, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Piernas et al. PLoS Med 19(3):Īcademic Editor: Jean Adams, University of Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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These were all retailer-led interventions that present limitations regarding the lack of randomisation, residual confounding from unmeasured variables, absolute differences in trends and sales between intervention versus control stores, and no independent measures of intervention fidelity.Ĭitation: Piernas C, Harmer G, Jebb SA (2022) Testing availability, positioning, promotions, and signage of healthier food options and purchasing behaviour within major UK supermarkets: Evaluation of 6 nonrandomised controlled intervention studies.
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Shelf labels to highlight lower sugar beverages showed no evidence of changes in purchasing of lower or higher sugar drinks.
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A nationwide promotion using Disney characters was associated with increased sales of nonsugar baked beans (+54%) and selected fruits (+305%), with a significant level change in ITS models ( P < 0.001 for both). A price promotion on seasonal fruits and vegetables showed no evidence of any greater increases in sales of items on promotion in intervention versus control stores (+10% versus +8% P = 0.101) but a significant level change in ITS models ( P < 0.001). There was no evidence that a positioning intervention, placing higher fibre breakfast cereals at eye level was associated with increased sales of healthier cereal or reduced sales of regular cereal. Increasing availability of lower energy packs of biscuits was associated with increased sales but reduced sales of regular biscuits in intervention versus control stores (lower energy biscuits +18% versus −2% P = 0.245 regular biscuits −4% versus +7% P = 0.386), although not significantly, though there was a significant level change in ITS models ( P = 0.004 for regular biscuits). Stocking low fat chips next to regular chips was associated with decreases in sales of regular chips (units) in intervention versus control stores (−23% versus −4% P = 0.001) with a significant level change in ITS models ( P = 0.001).
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Store-level weekly sales (units, weight (g), and value (£)) of products targeted in the interventions were used in primary analyses using multivariable hierarchical models and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses. Nonrandomised controlled study designs were used, except for one intervention that was rolled out nationwide using a pre/post within-store design.